Programs in C & C++ with Example

updated by api call

There seems to be a confusion among people (even authors of Many books) about ways of passing values to a function. Question: How many ways are there to pass a variable to a function in C ? Ans: proposed by most people (authors) : Passing variables by values Passing variables by references My Reaction : Wrong !!!!!!! To make thing even worse, the example most writer put up for passing values by references is this :   #include<stdio.> void swap (int *x, int *y) { int* t; *t=*x; *x=*y; *y=*t; } int main () { int x,y; x=100; y=200; swap(&x,&y); printf("%d,%d",x,y); } I don't know if you get this example or not, But this example is wrong. This example is using pointers , and pointers are not references. So again: Question: How many ways are actually there to pass variables to functions in C ? Well there is only one way: Passing variables by value. Question: But What about books claiming that vari...

This is a Program for Linked List using C. The Code contains enough comments to make your life easy. # include < stdio.h > // structure to hold our data // we call it node // has a int 'value' // also has a pointer that points to next node struct node { int value ; struct node * next ; } ; //typdef will save our time //from now onwards 'struct node' will be replaced by NODE typedef struct node NODE ; // you can notice that we are passing NODE** to insert // Why???? // The answer is simple // since we will be passing the head pointer to the function // and head pointer can be modified in insertion operation // so we must pass a NODE** // reason being if we pass a NODE* to function // its value will be restored after function has returned // hence even if have modified head pointer, it will be restored // so we pass NODE** //------------------ // v is the value to be inserted void insert ( NODE * * base , int v ) {...

Constructor play an important part in c++. They can initialize the values of a given object to some known values. This is important as constructor will be able to set some values in objects which otherwise may have some garbage values. Most uninitialized value in objects are main cause of the bugs. But the concept of constructor can allow us to do just anything beside initializing values. Constructor are always called when an object is created. This property of constructor is very useful in situation when you need to perform some task as soon as an object is created. So constructor is a special function that gets called automatically when an object is created. This function can like any other function do anything (like initializing values). Overloading Constructor : This process is very similar to the overloading of simple functions. Since constructor are also function , they can be overloaded like any other functions. This allows user to create many constructor, which can help u...

Here is an example of Bubble sort in C++.  The example will perform bubble sort on a set of 10 integers. The example is a OO example . So everything is in a class called bubble. The class it self has following methods in it.

Finding Armstrong number is again a great exercise for students The exercise involves clever use of modulus operator to extract the digits and then using those digits to perform calculations.

In this Example I will demonstrate overloading a unary operator. The overloading is done in similar way as we did for binary operator. In this example I will be using a Vector Class. The operator we are going to over load is the unary "~" (tilde) operator. although you can use any unary overloadable operator. Method: In this example the overloaded operator will be the part of the class i.e. the over loaded definition will be a member function. (As we know overloading can be done using non member functions too). So the unary operator will not have any arguments in it. We will overload ~ operator so that it will reflect the vector so that its z component becomes x component and vice versa. So input vector will be 2i+3j+5k and its output vector will be 5i+3j+2k. although you can do anything you like. Code: # include < iostream > using namespace std ; class vector { int x , y , z ;      public : vector ( ) { x = y = z = 0 ; ...